Bsa (Bovine Serum Albumin) Modifiye Grafen Oksit Nanopartikülleri ile Sensör Geliştirilmesi
Abstract
Bu çalışmada, biyolojik açıdan önemli bir molekül olan protaminin tayini amacıyla grafen oksit (GO) tabanlı bir sensör sistemi geliştirildi. Çalışma üç aşamalı bir plan çerçevesinde yürütüldü. İlk aşamada, GO sentezi düşük maliyetli ve uygulanması kolay bir yöntem olan Modifiye Hummers yöntemi ile gerçekleştirildi. Yüzeyinde karboksilik asit ucu bulunan GO molekülünde uygun kimyasal reaksiyonlarla karboksilik asit ucu açil klorüre dönüştürüldü (COCl-GO). İkinci aşamada, Grafen oksitin A1 (COOH-GO) ve A2 (COCl-GO)'in biyolojik ortamlarda daha kararlı, biyouyumlu ve işlevsel hale getirilmesi amacıyla tıbbi uygulamalarda yaygın olarak kullanılan Sığır Serumu Albümini (BSA) ile yüzey modifikasyonu yapıldı. GO'nun BSA ile modifikasyonu sonucunda elde edilen A3 (BSA-COCl-GO) ve A4 (BSA-COOH-GO) FT-IR, FE-SEM, FESEM-EDS, XRD ve TEM gibi ileri karakterizasyon teknikleriyle analiz edildi. XRD analizleri sonucunda (BSA-COCl-GO)NP ortalama kristal boyutu 33.776 nm olarak belirlendi. Üçüncü aşamada ise sentezlenen BSA-COCl-GO nanoparçacıkları, floresans spektroskopisi temelli bir sensör sisteminde kullanıldı ve cerrahi uygulamalarda yaygın olarak kullanılan protamin molekülünün tayini gerçekleştirildi. Geliştirilen sistemin kantitatif tespit limiti 380 ng/mL olarak hesaplandı. Ayrıca sensörün pH 7–10 aralığında ve 293–303oK (20–30°C) sıcaklıklarda optimum performans gösterdiği belirlendi. Metal iyonu etkileşimleri açısından değerlendirildiğinde, sistemin özellikle Fe+2, Fe+3 ve Zn+2 iyonlarından etkilendiği gözlendi. Sensörün tersinirlik özelliği, protaminin antidotu olan heparin kullanılarak test edildi ve sistemin çoklu kullanıma uygun olduğu ortaya konuldu. Ayrıca elde edilen nanoyapıların antimikrobiyal özellikleri de incelendi. Altı farklı mikroorganizma üzerinde yapılan testler sonucunda, GO ve BSA-COCl-GO nanopartiküllerin antibakteriyel ve antifungal aktivitesinin sınırlı düzeyde olduğu görüldü. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışmada BSA ile modifiye edilen GO nanoparçacıklarının, floresans spektroskopisi kullanılarak protamin tayininde etkin bir şekilde uygulanabileceği gösterildi.
In this study, a graphene oxide (GO)-based sensor system was developed for the determination of protamine, a biologically important molecule. The study was carried out in a three-stage plan. In the first stage, GO synthesis was carried out using the Modified Hummers method, which is a low-cost and easy-to-implement method. The carboxylic acid terminus of the GO molecule, which has a carboxylic acid terminus on its surface, was converted to acyl chloride (COCl-GO) through appropriate chemical reactions. In the second stage, in order to make graphene oxide A1 (COOH-GO) and A2 (COCl-GO) more stable, biocompatible, and functional in biological environments, they were surface modified with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), which is widely used in medical applications. A3 (BSA-COCl-GO) and A4 (BSA-COOH-GO), obtained as a result of GO modification with BSA, were analyzed by advanced characterization techniques such as FT-IR, FE-SEM, FESEM-EDS, XRD, and TEM. As a result of XRD analysis, the average crystal size of (BSA-COCl-GO)NP was determined to be 33.776 nm. In the third step, the synthesized BSA-COCl-GO nanoparticles were used in a fluorescence spectroscopy-based sensor system to determine protamine, a molecule widely used in surgical applications. The quantitative detection limit of the developed system was calculated as 380 ng/mL. It was also determined that the sensor performed optimally in the pH range of 7–10 and at temperatures of 293–303oK (20–30°C). When evaluated in terms of metal ion interactions, it was observed that the system was particularly affected by Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, and Zn²⁺ ions. The reversibility of the sensor was tested using heparin, the antidote to protamine, demonstrating its suitability for multiple uses. The antimicrobial properties of the obtained nanostructures were also investigated. Tests on six different microorganisms revealed that GO and BSA-COCl-GO nanoparticles exhibited limited antibacterial and antifungal activity. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that BSA-modified GO nanoparticles can be effectively applied in the determination of protamine using fluorescence spectroscopy.
In this study, a graphene oxide (GO)-based sensor system was developed for the determination of protamine, a biologically important molecule. The study was carried out in a three-stage plan. In the first stage, GO synthesis was carried out using the Modified Hummers method, which is a low-cost and easy-to-implement method. The carboxylic acid terminus of the GO molecule, which has a carboxylic acid terminus on its surface, was converted to acyl chloride (COCl-GO) through appropriate chemical reactions. In the second stage, in order to make graphene oxide A1 (COOH-GO) and A2 (COCl-GO) more stable, biocompatible, and functional in biological environments, they were surface modified with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), which is widely used in medical applications. A3 (BSA-COCl-GO) and A4 (BSA-COOH-GO), obtained as a result of GO modification with BSA, were analyzed by advanced characterization techniques such as FT-IR, FE-SEM, FESEM-EDS, XRD, and TEM. As a result of XRD analysis, the average crystal size of (BSA-COCl-GO)NP was determined to be 33.776 nm. In the third step, the synthesized BSA-COCl-GO nanoparticles were used in a fluorescence spectroscopy-based sensor system to determine protamine, a molecule widely used in surgical applications. The quantitative detection limit of the developed system was calculated as 380 ng/mL. It was also determined that the sensor performed optimally in the pH range of 7–10 and at temperatures of 293–303oK (20–30°C). When evaluated in terms of metal ion interactions, it was observed that the system was particularly affected by Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, and Zn²⁺ ions. The reversibility of the sensor was tested using heparin, the antidote to protamine, demonstrating its suitability for multiple uses. The antimicrobial properties of the obtained nanostructures were also investigated. Tests on six different microorganisms revealed that GO and BSA-COCl-GO nanoparticles exhibited limited antibacterial and antifungal activity. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that BSA-modified GO nanoparticles can be effectively applied in the determination of protamine using fluorescence spectroscopy.
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Kimya, Chemistry
Turkish CoHE Thesis Center URL
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