Multiple Sklerozis Hastalarının Kornea Konfokal Mikroskopi ve Retina Optik Koherens Tomografi ile Değerlendirilmesi
Abstract
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Multiple Sklerozis (MS) hastalarında retina sinir lifi katmanları ve kornea subbazal sinir pleksusundaki yapısal değişiklikleri optik koherans tomografi (OCT) ve in vivo kornea konfokal mikroskopi (IVCCM) ile değerlendirmek, bu parametrelerin hastalık süresi, Genişletilmiş Engellilik Durum Skoru (EDSS), MS alt tipi ve optik nörit (ON) öyküsü ile ilişkisini ortaya koymaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu kesitsel çalışmaya Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Dursun Odabaş Tıp Merkezi'nde takip edilen 49 MS hastasının 98 gözü ve 41 sağlıklı kontrol grubunun 82 gözü dahil edilmiştir. Tüm katılımcılara detaylı oftalmolojik muayene yapıldıktan sonra retina yapılarının değerlendirilmesi için spectral domain OCT (Heidelberg Spectralis®) ve kornea subbazal sinir liflerinin değerlendirilmesi için IVCCM (Heidelberg Retina Tomography 3- Rostock Cornea Module) kullanılmıştır. OCT ile peripapiller retina sinir lifi tabakası (RNFL) ve maküler NFL, ganglion hücre tabakası(GCL), iç pleksiform tabaka(IPL) ve ganglion hücre kompleksi(GCC) ölçümleri yapılmıştır. IVCCM ile CNFD(kornea sinir lifi yoğunluğu), CNBD(kornea sinir dal yoğunluğu), CNFL(kornea sinir lifi toplam uzunluğu) ve TC (tortiosite katsayısı) değerleri analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular hastalık süresi, EDSS, MS alt tipi, kullanılan ilaçlar ve ON öyküsü ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Bulgular: MS hastalarında CNFD, CNBD ve CNFL değerleri kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı şekilde düşük bulunmuştur (p<0.05); ancak TC açısından anlamlı bir fark gözlenmemiştir (p>0.05). RNFL, GCL, IPL ve GCC katmanlarında MS grubunda anlamlı incelme gözlenmiştir. Bu parametreler özellikle SPMS grubunda ve ON geçirmiş hastalarda daha belirgin düzeydedir. MS süresi ile RNFL, GCL, IPL ve GCC ölçümleri arasında anlamlı negatif korelasyon saptanmıştır(p<0.05); ancak IVCCM parametreleri ile MS süresi ve EDSS arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamamıştır. MS alt tipleri karşılaştırıldığında, SPMS grubunda GCL, GCC ve RNFL değerleri anlamlı olarak daha düşük bulunmuştur(p<0.05). Ancak, IVCCM değerleri açısından anlamlı fark bulunamamıştır. EDSS ile yalnızca RNFL G, T ve NS segmentleri arasında anlamlı negatif korelasyon saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Retina ve kornea yapılarında saptanan yapısal değişiklikler, MS'in nörodejeneratif doğasını yansıtmaktadır. IVCCM ölçümleri MS alt tipleri arasında anlamlı bir fark ortaya koyamasa da, OCT ölçümleri beraber değerlendirilmesi MS hastalarının takibinde potansiyel biyobelirteç olarak kullanılabilir. Bu bulguların daha sağlam şekilde desteklenebilmesi için, özellikle SPMS hastalarının daha fazla temsil edildiği geniş örneklemli prospektif çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Multiple Sklerozis, Optik Koherens Tomografi, İn Vivo Kornea Konfokal Mikroskopi, RNFL, Ganglion Hücre Kompleksi, Nörodejenerasyon
Purpose: This study aimed to assess structural alterations in the retinal nerve fiber layer and corneal subbasal nerve plexus of patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) through optical coherence tomography (OCT) and in vivo corneal confocal microscopy (IVCCM). Furthermore, it explored the relationship of these parameters with disease duration, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores, MS subtype, and a history of optic neuritis (ON). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 98 eyes from 49 patients diagnosed with MS and 82 eyes from 41 healthy controls, all of whom were followed up at Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Dursun Odabaş Medical Center. Following a detailed ophthalmologic examination, spectral domain OCT (Heidelberg Spectralis®) was used to assess retinal structures, and confocal microscopy (Heidelberg Retina Tomograph 3 - Rostock Cornea Module) was used to evaluate corneal subbasal nerve fibers. OCT measurements included peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and macular NFL, ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), and ganglion cell complex (GCC). IVCCM was used to assess corneal nerve fiber density (CNFD), nerve branch density (CNBD), nerve fiber length (CNFL), and tortuosity coefficient (TC). The findings were compared based on disease duration, EDSS, MS subtype, medication use, and ON history. Results: CNFD, CNBD, and CNFL values were significantly lower in the MS group compared to controls (p<0.05), whereas TC did not show a statistically significant difference (p>0.05). Significant thinning was observed in the RNFL, GCL, IPL, and GCC layers in MS patients. These reductions were more pronounced in the SPMS group and in patients with a history of ON. A significant negative correlation was identified between disease duration and RNFL, GCL, IPL, and GCC measurements (p<0.05), but no significant correlation was found between IVCCM parameters and disease duration or EDSS. Comparisons across MS subtypes showed significantly lower GCL, GCC, and RNFL values in the SPMS group (p<0.05), while no significant differences were observed in IVCCM metrics. EDSS scores were negatively correlated only with the global, temporal, and nasal superior RNFL segments. Conclusion: Structural changes observed in retinal and corneal layers reflect the neurodegenerative nature of MS. Although IVCCM was not able to distinguish between MS subtypes, OCT and IVCCM measurements may serve as potential biomarkers for monitoring disease progression in MS. Further prospective studies with larger sample sizes, particularly with more SPMS patients, are warranted to validate these findings. Keywords: Multiple Sclerosis, Optical Coherence Tomography, In Vivo Corneal Confocal Microscopy, RNFL, Ganglion Cell Complex, Neurodegeneration
Purpose: This study aimed to assess structural alterations in the retinal nerve fiber layer and corneal subbasal nerve plexus of patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) through optical coherence tomography (OCT) and in vivo corneal confocal microscopy (IVCCM). Furthermore, it explored the relationship of these parameters with disease duration, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores, MS subtype, and a history of optic neuritis (ON). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 98 eyes from 49 patients diagnosed with MS and 82 eyes from 41 healthy controls, all of whom were followed up at Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Dursun Odabaş Medical Center. Following a detailed ophthalmologic examination, spectral domain OCT (Heidelberg Spectralis®) was used to assess retinal structures, and confocal microscopy (Heidelberg Retina Tomograph 3 - Rostock Cornea Module) was used to evaluate corneal subbasal nerve fibers. OCT measurements included peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and macular NFL, ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), and ganglion cell complex (GCC). IVCCM was used to assess corneal nerve fiber density (CNFD), nerve branch density (CNBD), nerve fiber length (CNFL), and tortuosity coefficient (TC). The findings were compared based on disease duration, EDSS, MS subtype, medication use, and ON history. Results: CNFD, CNBD, and CNFL values were significantly lower in the MS group compared to controls (p<0.05), whereas TC did not show a statistically significant difference (p>0.05). Significant thinning was observed in the RNFL, GCL, IPL, and GCC layers in MS patients. These reductions were more pronounced in the SPMS group and in patients with a history of ON. A significant negative correlation was identified between disease duration and RNFL, GCL, IPL, and GCC measurements (p<0.05), but no significant correlation was found between IVCCM parameters and disease duration or EDSS. Comparisons across MS subtypes showed significantly lower GCL, GCC, and RNFL values in the SPMS group (p<0.05), while no significant differences were observed in IVCCM metrics. EDSS scores were negatively correlated only with the global, temporal, and nasal superior RNFL segments. Conclusion: Structural changes observed in retinal and corneal layers reflect the neurodegenerative nature of MS. Although IVCCM was not able to distinguish between MS subtypes, OCT and IVCCM measurements may serve as potential biomarkers for monitoring disease progression in MS. Further prospective studies with larger sample sizes, particularly with more SPMS patients, are warranted to validate these findings. Keywords: Multiple Sclerosis, Optical Coherence Tomography, In Vivo Corneal Confocal Microscopy, RNFL, Ganglion Cell Complex, Neurodegeneration
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Göz Hastalıkları, Eye Diseases
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