Heavy Metal Forms and Bioavailability of Feces Used in Stool and Urine Separation in Fertilization
Abstract
Bu çalışmanın amacı; mekanik ve hidrolik temizleme sistemleri gibi geleneksel yöntemlerle ahır içi ortamından gübre deposuna transfer edilen ahır gübrelerinin, dışkı ve idrarı hayvanlardan ahır tabanında düzenlenmiş gübreliğe ilk düştüğü anda ayıran alternatif bir gübre toplama sistemi ile ayrıştırılarak toplanmasının, dışkının ağır metal içerikleri ve biyoyararlılığı üzerine etkilerini araştırmaktır. Bu amaçla Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Hayvancılık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi bünyesinde bulunan 937.594 m2 lik taban alanına sahip 48 başlık süt sığırı ahırından yararlanılmıştır. Ahırın tabanındaki mevcut 142 m2 lik gübre kanalının 17 m2 lik zeminine 15 Nisan - 15 Haziran 2023 tarihleri arasında dışkı ve idrarın ayrı ayrı yerlerde toplanmasına olanak sağlayan alternatif gübre toplama platformu uygulanmıştır. Dışkı ve idrarın ayrı ayrı toplandığı platform üzerinden alınan dışkı, geleneksel yöntemle sıyırıcılar tarafından gübre deposuna transfer edilen mevcut gübre ve platform üzerinden elde edilen dışkı ve idrardan oluşturulan %30 dışkı, %70 idrar içerikli standart gübre örneklerinin başlıca ağır metal elementlerinden olan kadmiyum (Cd), bakır (Cu), nikel (Ni), kurşun (Pb), çinko (Zn), krom (Cr), alüminyum (Al), arsenik (As), demir (Fe) ve manganez (Mn) formları ile karbon/azot oranları belirlenmiştir. Her üç numuneye uygulanan ağır metal analizleri sonuçları istatistiksel olarak karşılaştırılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda; dışkı ve idrarın hayvanlardan gübre kanalına düştüğü anda ayrılmasını sağlayan gübre toplama sisteminin, dışkı, idrar ve temizlik sularının gübrelikte karışık şekilde biriktirilerek sıyırıcılarla gübre deposuna taşınmasının gerçekleştirildiği geleneksel gübre toplama yöntemine göre dışkıyı daha biyoyararlı hale getirdiği, ağır metal içerikleri açısından daha olumlu bir şekilde etkilediği saptanmıştır. Geleneksel gübre toplama yöntemlerinde dışkı ve idrarın, gübrelikte birikinceye kadar bekletilmesi ve sıyırıcıların çalışma periyotlarında gübre deposuna taşıması süreçlerinde dışkı ve idrarın etkileşimleri, dışkı ve idrarı gübreliğe ilk düştüğü anda ayıran gübre toplama sistemi ile azalmaktadır. Bu durum; ağır metal, asit ve tuz gibi içerikleri açısından zengin olan idrarın, dışkı bünyesinde yoğunlaşmasını önleyerek dışkının bitkisel üretimde kullanılmasına ve biyogaz gibi farklı alanlarda değerlendirilmesine önemli ölçüde olumlu katkı sunabilmektedir.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of manure transferred from the barn to the manure storage by traditional methods such as mechanical and hydraulic systems, on the heavy metal content and bioavailability of the substrates obtained as a result of separating and collecting the feces and urine of the animals as soon as they first fall, with an alternative arrangement made on the barn floor. In the study, the barn within the Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Livestock Application and Research Center with a floor area of 937,594 m2 and a capacity of 48 dairy cattle was used. An alternative manure collection platform was applied on the 17 m2 floor of the existing 142 m2 manure channel on the floor of the barn, allowing the collection of feces and urine in separate locations between April 15 and June 15, 2023. In the feces collected from the applied platform, in the existing manure transferred to the manure storage by the scrapers with the traditional method, in the standard fertilizer (30% feces, 70% urine content) created from the feces and urine collected from the platform; the forms of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) and carbon (C) to nitrogen (N) ratios were determined. The results of heavy metal analyzes applied to all three samples were compared statistically. As a result of the research, it was determined that the manure collection system, which enables the separation of feces and urine from the animals as soon as they fall into the manure channel, makes the manure more bioavailable and affects it more positively in terms of heavy metal content compared to the traditional manure collection method, in which feces, urine and cleaning water are collected mixed in the manure pit and transported to the manure storage with scrapers. In traditional manure collection methods, the interactions of feces and urine in the process of waiting until they accumulate in the manure pit and transporting them to the manure storage with scrapers at specified periods are reduced with the manure collection system that separates feces and urine when they first fall into the manure pit. This situation can significantly contribute positively the utilization of feces in crop production and other areas such as biogas production by preventing the concentration of urine which is rich in heavy metals, acids and salts in feces.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of manure transferred from the barn to the manure storage by traditional methods such as mechanical and hydraulic systems, on the heavy metal content and bioavailability of the substrates obtained as a result of separating and collecting the feces and urine of the animals as soon as they first fall, with an alternative arrangement made on the barn floor. In the study, the barn within the Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Livestock Application and Research Center with a floor area of 937,594 m2 and a capacity of 48 dairy cattle was used. An alternative manure collection platform was applied on the 17 m2 floor of the existing 142 m2 manure channel on the floor of the barn, allowing the collection of feces and urine in separate locations between April 15 and June 15, 2023. In the feces collected from the applied platform, in the existing manure transferred to the manure storage by the scrapers with the traditional method, in the standard fertilizer (30% feces, 70% urine content) created from the feces and urine collected from the platform; the forms of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) and carbon (C) to nitrogen (N) ratios were determined. The results of heavy metal analyzes applied to all three samples were compared statistically. As a result of the research, it was determined that the manure collection system, which enables the separation of feces and urine from the animals as soon as they fall into the manure channel, makes the manure more bioavailable and affects it more positively in terms of heavy metal content compared to the traditional manure collection method, in which feces, urine and cleaning water are collected mixed in the manure pit and transported to the manure storage with scrapers. In traditional manure collection methods, the interactions of feces and urine in the process of waiting until they accumulate in the manure pit and transporting them to the manure storage with scrapers at specified periods are reduced with the manure collection system that separates feces and urine when they first fall into the manure pit. This situation can significantly contribute positively the utilization of feces in crop production and other areas such as biogas production by preventing the concentration of urine which is rich in heavy metals, acids and salts in feces.
Description
Keywords
Enerji, Ziraat, İnşaat Mühendisliği, Energy, Agriculture, Civil Engineering
Turkish CoHE Thesis Center URL
WoS Q
Scopus Q
Source
Volume
Issue
Start Page
End Page
132