Productivity and Grain Quality of Various Types of Spring Wheat Depending on Seeding Rates and Nutrition Background on Gray Forest Soil of the Pre-Kama Region of the Republic of Tatarstan

Abstract

The results of two-year (2018-2019) studies on the effect of various seeding rates and nutritional backgrounds on the yield and grain quality of two types of spring wheat - soft wheat and emmer wheat (spelt) - are considered. The agrochemical characteristic of the gray forest soil of the experimental plot is as follows: the humus content in the layer of 0-20 cm was 2.9-3.4 % (Tyurin method), mobile phosphorus amount was 176-241 mg, exchange potassium amount was 77-109 mg/kg of soil (Kirsanov method). The degree of saturation with bases was 85.2-87.7 %, the pH of the salt extract was 5.6-5.8. Agrometeorological conditions of 2018-2019, on the whole, met the requirements for early spring crop seeding, HTC (hydrothermal coefficient) was 0.85-1.2. Two levels of mineral nutrition were studied in the experiment (natural background, without fertilizing, NRK for the planned grain yield of 3 t/ha), four seeding rates against each nutrition background: 4, 5, 6 and 7 million germinating seeds per 1 ha. The seedling completeness in both types of wheat over an average of 2 years depended on the seeding rate, regardless of the background of nutrition. In soft wheat of Ulyanovskaya 105 variety, against a natural background, with an increase in the sowing rate from 4 to 7 million germinating seeds per ha, the seedling completeness decreased and amounted to from 82.5 to 76.3 %, in spelt, it was 84.7-78.6 %. On a fertilized ground it was, respectively, 83.4-78.0 and 84.1-77.6 %. Good preservation of plants in both types of wheat from the number of sown seeds and seedlings was noted when the sowing rate was reduced from 7 to 4 million: without fertilizer 82.6-88.5 % in common wheat and 83.5-90.4 % of spelt. On a fertilized ground it amounted, respectively, to 84.3-90.5 and 86.5-92.3 %. Changes in nutritional background by introducing calculated doses of mineral fertilizers for all options with seeding rates on average for 2018-2019 yielded an increase in soft wheat by 0.94 tons of grain per hectare and by 0.61 tons of spelt. The highest conversion efficiency of fertilizers at a sowing rate of 6 million in common wheat was 8.1 kg of grain per 1 kg of a.a., for spelt at a sowing rate of 4 million the figure was 5.6 kg per 1 kg of a.a.