Boron Toxicity and Pgpr Phytoremediation Effects on Physiological and Biochemical Parameters of Medical Sage (Salvia Officinalis L.)

Abstract

In this study, the effects of boron doses (0=control, 5, 10, 20 mM) and some beneficial rhizobacteria (Azospirillum lipoferum, Bacillus megaterium, Frateuria aurentia) on the physiological and biochemical parameters of medicinal sage (Salvia officinalis L.) were investigated. The study was carried out in factorial order in a completely randomized experimental design with four replications in a controlled climate chamber. In the study, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, total carotenoid, total anthocyanin, nitrogen balance index, MDA, relative water in leaf tissues, ion leakage, membrane durability, total phenolic substance, total flavonoid substance, and total antioxidant activity parameters were investigated. Depending on the applied boron doses, increases were observed in total phenolic, total flavonoid, total carotenoid, ion leakage, and MDA values. In contrast, decreases in the nitrogen balance index and membrane durability were observed. It has been determined that PGPR applications effectively reduce the damage of boron by increasing the total anthocyanin, total flavonoid, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll amounts, and