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12 Years After Roboski: Prolonged Grief and Posttraumatic Effects
(American Psychological Association, 2025) Ayhan, C.H.; Tanhan, F.; Yağan, F.; Avcı Erdal, N.; Öztürk, G.; Bedir, G.; Aslangiri, S.
Objective: The Roboski massacre, which took place on December 28, 2011, is remembered as a major tragedy resulting from a cross-border operation by the Turkish Air Force that led to the loss of 34 civilians, including 19 children. This event not only caused significant physical losses but also left a profound psychological, social, and political impact on those affected. An enhanced comprehension of prolonged grief disorder’s development can assist professionals in identifying bereaved individuals requiring assistance and augment the efficacy of treatments. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the grief process and symptoms of posttraumatic stress, perceived discrimination, and political trust within the framework of the theory of prolonged grief in a sample of the bereaved family members who lost their relatives in the Roboski massacre almost 12 years postloss. Method: In total, 88 Kurdish individuals (Mage = 37.13, SD = 16.4; 53.4% males) who had lost their close relatives in the Roboski incident in 2011 participated in this study. The Prolonged Grief Scale, the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, the Perceived Discrimination Scale, and the Political Trust Scale were used to collect data. Results: The findings of the study revealed that, even approximately 12 years after the Roboski massacre, a significant portion of the participants continue to experience symptoms of prolonged grief and posttraumatic stress reactions. There was a positive correlation between prolonged grief symptoms and posttraumatic stress reactions (r =.71) as well as perceived discrimination (r =.53). It was also found that the subdimensions of posttraumatic stress, namely “reexperiencing” (β =.19, p <.05), “negative cognitive alterations” (β =.39, p <.05), and “perceived collective discrimination” (β =.11, p <.05), were significant predictors of prolonged grief. Conclusions: Our findings revealed that professionals should focus on identifying bereaved people who experience prolonged grief after a traumatic loss. Targeting these symptoms may alleviate the exacerbation of persistent grief reactions several years after a traumatic loss.Our findings suggest that addressing prolonged grief disorder following a massacre requires a multifaceted approach that includes early intervention, tailored therapeutic strategies, and robust social support systems. By integrating these elements, mental health professionals can significantly improve outcomes for those affected by traumatic loss, facilitating a path toward recovery and resilience. © 2025 American Psychological Association
18f Fdg Pet/Ct in a Child With Gliomatosis Cerebri
(Elsevier Doyma Sl, 2013) Surucu, E.; Mutafoglu, K.; Ince, D.; Cakmakci, H.; Demiral, A.; Polack, B. Degirmenci
238u and Total Radioactivity in Drinking Waters in Van Province, Turkey
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2014) Selçuk Zorer, Ö.; Daǧ, B.
As part of the national survey to evaluate natural radioactivity in the environment, concentration levels of total radioactivity and natural uranium have been analysed in drinking water samples. A survey to study natural radioactivity in drinking waters was carried out in the Van province, East Turkey. Twenty-three samples of drinking water were collected in the Van province and analysed for total α, total β and 238U activity. The total α and total β activities were counted by using the α/β counter of the multi-detector low background system (PIC MPC-9604), and the 238U concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (Thermo Scientific Element 2). The samples were categorised according to origin: tap, spring or mineral supply. The activity concentrations for total α were found to range from 0.002 to 0.030 Bq L-1 and for total β from 0.023 to 1.351 Bq L-1. Uranium concentrations ranging from 0.562 to 14.710 μg L-1 were observed in drinking waters. Following the World Health Organisation rules, all investigated waters can be used as drinking water. © 2013 © 2013 Taylor & Francis.
A 3-Cm Single-Port Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Lobectomy for Lung Cancer
(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2015) Ocakcioglu, Ilhan; Sayir, Fuat; Dinc, Mustafa
Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery is advantageous over traditional surgical practices, because of a faster postoperative recovery period, less pain, and a shorter hospital length of stay. There is no single standard technique in the video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery approach. Although these minimally invasive resections are habitually performed through 3-port or 4-port incision, we performed a left lower lobectomy in a 54-year-old male patient for lung cancer, through a 3-cm single-port incision.
A 3-Day Boy With a Right Preauricular Swelling
(Springer, 2010) Akgun, Cihangir; Peker, Erdal; Akbayram, Sinan; Dogan, Murat; Tuncer, Oguz; Kirimi, Ercan
A 3-day-old boy was admitted for right preauricular swelling. Examination showed a toxic looking neonate with poor neonatal reflexes. There was erythema and swelling of 4 x 3 cm at the level of the right cheek. Laboratory investigation pointed to a bacterial infection. With parenteral antibiotics, the lesion resolved completely.
3d-2d Microleakage Assessment of Preheated Bulk-Fill Composite Resin Applied With Different Parameters: a Micro-Ct Analysis
(Springer, 2023) Can, Dilber Bilgili; Ozarslan, Merve
This study evaluated microleakage from class II cavities filled with bulk-fill composite preheated to different temperatures, applied at different thicknesses, and with different polymerization modes. A total of 60 mesio-occlusal cavity were drilled into the extracted human third molars at 2 mm and 4 mm thickness. Preheated bulk-fill composite resin (Viscalor; VOCO, Germany) was applied to the cavities at 68 degrees C and 37 degrees C after the adhesive resin was applied, and cured using standard and high-power light-curing modes of a VALO light-curing unit. An incrementally applied microhybrid composite was used as the control. The teeth were subjected to 2000 cycles of heating to 55 degrees C and cooling to 5 degrees C with a 30-s hold time. Then, they were immersed in a 50% silver nitrate solution for 24 h and scanned with micro-computed tomography. Scanned data were processed using the CTAn software. Two (2D) and three (3D) dimensional analyses of leached silver nitrate were performed. The data's normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test before comparisons using a three-way analysis of variance. In both 2D and 3D analysis, bulk-fill composite resin preheated to 68 degrees C and applied at 2 mm thickness showed less microleakage. In the 3D analysis, restorations applied at 37 degrees C and 4 mm thickness in high-power mode showed significantly higher values (p < 0.001). Preheated bulk-fill composite resin can be applied at 68 degrees C and effectively cured at both 2 mm and 4 mm thickness.
Abcisic Acid and Gibberellic Acid Cause Increased Lipid Peroxidation and Fluctuated Antioxidant Defense Systems of Various Tissues in Rats
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2007) Celik, Ismail; Turker, Musa; Tuluce, Yasin
The study was aimed at demonstrating changes in the antioxidant defense systems [Reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and catalase (CAT)] forming an antioxidative barrier and oxidative stress parameter (Malondialdehyde = MDA) in the various tissues of Sprague-Dawley rats which were administrated plant growth regulators (PGRs) [Abcisic acid (ABA) and Gibberellic acid (GA(3))] during 25 days. Seventy five parts per million of ABA and GA(3) as drinking water were administered orally to rats (Sprague-Dawley albino) ad libitum for 25 days continuously. The PGRs treatments caused different effects on antioxidant defense systems and MDA content of experimented rats compared to controls. The lipid peroxidation end product MDA significantly increased in the spleen and lungs of rats treated with ABA and GA(3) without significantly change in the other tissues. The GSH levels were significantly increased in the lungs and stomach of rats treated with ABA without any change in the tissues of rats treated with GA(3). Antioxidant enzyme activities such as SOD significantly increased in the spleen of rats treated with ABA and GA(3). Meanwhile, SOD significantly increased in the kidney of rats treated with GA. CAT significantly decreased in the lungs treated with ABA but did not change significantly in all the rest of rat tissues treated with both the PGRs. On the other hand, the ancillary enzyme GR activity decreased in the spleen and increased in the kidney with GA(3) treatment. The drug metabolizing enzyme GST activity significantly decreased in the heart of rats treated with GA(3) but increased in the spleen and lungs of rats treated with both PGRs. The observations presented led us to conclude that administration of subacute ABA and GA(3) promotes lipid peroxidatin content and alters in the antioxidative systems in the rat's various tissues. These data, along with changes, suggest that the PGRs produced oxidative stress in rats during the period of a 25-day subchronic exposure. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Abdominal Complications of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt in Pediatric Patients: Experiences of a Pediatric Surgery Clinic
(Elsevier Science inc, 2018) Burhan, Beger; Serdar, Kizilyildiz Baran; Abdurrahman, Aycan; Edip, Akyol Mehmet; Ebuzer, Duz
Objective: To relate the experiences of a pediatric surgery clinic in diagnosis and treatment of abdominal complications related to ventriculoperitoneal shunts (VPSs) in pediatric patients who had VPSs implanted to treat hydrocephalus. METHODS: Patients admitted to the Pediatric Surgery Department of Van Yuzunciyil University Faculty of Medicine between April 2013 and December 2017 who had VPSs implanted and subsequently developed abdominal complications were reviewed retrospectively. Demographic information, surgery dates, time intervals between surgery and development of abdominal complication, complication types and applied treatments, and follow-up durations were recorded. RESULTS: There were 16 patients (6 girls, 10 boys) with a mean age of 3 years (range, 1 month to 8 years) reviewed. Complications following VPS implantation included abdominal pseudocyst, anal protrusion, volvulus, peritonitis, abdominal distention, and herniation. Complications were treated successfully with contemporary surgical methods. No issues during long-term postoperative follow-up were identified. CONCLUSIONS: VPS implantation can result in abdominal complications with a wide range of clinical presentations. Predicting which abdominal complications might occur in children with VPSs can be lifesaving with early diagnosis and treatment.
Abdominal Hydatid Disease: Long-Term Results of Percutaneous Treatment
(Blackwell Munksgaard, 2004) Etlik, O; Arslan, H; Bay, A; Sakarya, ME; Harman, M; Temizoz, O; Unal, O
Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of percutaneous treatment under sonographic guidance in abdominal hydatid cysts. Material and Methods: Fifty-two hydatid cysts in 33 patients were treated using a percutaneous approach under sonographic guidance. Forty-five cysts were located in the liver, 6 in the spleen, and I in the pancreas. Forty-nine cysts were type 1, and 3 were type II. Thirty-one cysts in 15 patients were treated with puncture and aspiration of the contents, injection of hypertonic saline solution, and respiration (PAIR); 15 cysts in 14 patients were treated with puncture, aspiration of cyst contents, injection of hypertonic saline solution, drainage, and injection of sclerosing agent (PAIDS); and 6 cysts in 4 patients were treated with puncture, aspiration of cyst contents, injection of sclerosing agent, and re-aspiration (mPAIDS). Hypertonic saline or alcohol was used as a scolicidal agent. The follow-up period was between 17 and 53 months. Results: A decrease in the dimensions of the cysts, solidification of the contents, and irregularity in the walls of cysts, all of which were considered signs of cure, were found in all patients. Recurrence was observed in one case and anaphylaxis in one. Conclusion: Percutaneous treatment of abdominal hydatid cysts is a safe, easily applicable, well-tolerated, and effective method.
Abdominal Malignant Mesothelioma in a Mouse
(Australian veterinary Assn, 2002) Yener, Z; Karaca, T; Yuksel, H
Abnormal Liver Function Test in Hydatidiform Moles: a Retrospective Study Comparing the Hyperthyroid State and the Euthyroid State
(informa Healthcare, 2014) Kucukoglu, Mehmet Emin; Dulger, Ahmet Cumhur; Aslan, Mehmet; Olmez, Sehmus; Guler, Ayse; Aldemir, Mehmet Naci; Demirkiran, Davut
Introduction: The effect of a hyperthyroid or euthyroid state on liver function tests in patients with hydatidiform moles (HM) is not known. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of hyperthyroidism on liver transaminases in HM. Patients and methods: We retrospectively reviewed aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in 80 patients with HM (23 complete moles and 57 partial moles). Results: Of the 80 HM patients, 52 (65%) were euthyroid and 28 (35%) were hyperthyroid. The number of gravida and the levels of serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG), AST, and ALT were significantly higher in the hyperthyroid state than in the euthyroid state (p = 0.033, p = 0.001, p = 0.001 and p = 0.001; respectively). Number of gravida, serum TSH and total T4 were significantly higher in complete HM than partial HM (p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.05; respectively). Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that HM-related beta-HCG may activate thyroid cells via TSH-related signalling, resulting in the release of high levels of FT4, FT3, TT3 and TT4, and a subsequent decrease in TSH.
About the Paper "elephantiasis Neuro-Matosa and Becker's Melanosis" (J Dermatol, 26: 396-398, 1999)
(Japanese dermatolgical Assoc, 2001) Metin, A; Tuncay, I; Ugras, S
An Accelerated Radiotherapy Scheme Using a Concomitant Boost Technique for the Treatment of Unresectable Stage Iii Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
(Oxford Univ Press, 2005) Izmirli, M; Yaman, F; Buyukpolat, MY; Yoney, A; Unsal, M
Background: We designed a phase II trial for evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of an accelerated concomitant boost radiotherapy scheme for the treatment of the patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: Thirty patients with unresectable stage IIIA/IIIB NSCLC were prospectively enrolled in this protocol. All patients were scheduled to receive 15 fractions of conventionai radiotherapy in doses of 1.8Gy, to a total of 27 Gy. For the last 10 treatment days, an accelerated concomitant boost schedule was started that was composed of 1.8 Gy/fraction/day, 5days/week to the large field and 1.8 Gy/fraction/day to the boost field 6 h apart, to a total dose of 63 Gy/35 fractions/5 weeks. Results: Median follow-up time was 13 months (range, 5-50 months; 3-year overall, disease-free, loco-regional disease-free and metastasis-free survivals were 23%, 19%, 19% and 23%, respectively). The most common acute toxicity was esophagitis in 31% of patients with the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (RTOG/EORTC) criteria grade 1, and in 54% with grade 2. Radiation pneumonitis developed in 16% of patients with RTOG/EORTC grade 1. Three-year actuarial rate of late pulmonary and skin-subcutaneous toxicity were 12% and 16%, respectively. No late radiotherapy complications of spinal cord or esophagus were recorded. Conclusion: Overall survival, local control and freedom from local progression were comparable with the results reported with pure hyperfractionated radiotherapy. The overall rate of acute and late toxicity was acceptable.
Accuracy of Early Pregnancy Diagnosis and Determining Pregnancy Loss Using Different Biomarkers and Machine Learning Applications in Dairy Cattle
(Elsevier Science inc, 2024) Ferraz, Priscila Assis; Poit, Diego Angelo Schmidt; Pinto, Leonardo Marin Ferreira; Guerra, Arthur Cobayashi; Neto, Adomar Laurindo; do Prado, Francisco Luiz; Pugliesi, Guilherme
This study aimed to compare the accuracy of IFN-tau stimulated gene abundance (ISGs) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), CL blood perfusion by Doppler ultrasound (Doppler-US), plasma concentration of P4 on Day 21 and pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) test on Day 25 after timed-artificial insemination (TAI) for early pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cows and heifers. Holstein cows (n = 140) and heifers (n = 32) were subjected to a hormonal synchronization protocol and TAI on Day 0. On Day 21 post-TAI, blood samples were collected for PBMC isolation and plasma concentration of P4. The CL blood perfusion was evaluated by Doppler- US. Plasma samples collected on Day 25 were assayed for PAGs. The abundance of ISGs ( ISG15 and RSAD2) ) in PBMCs was determined by RT-qPCR. Pregnancy was confirmed on Days 32 and 60 post-TAI by B-mode ultrasonography. Statistical analyses were performed by ANOVA using the MIXED procedure and GLIMMIX in SAS software. The pregnancy biomarkers were used to categorize the females as having undergone late luteolysis (LL); early embryonic mortality (EEM); late embryonic mortality (LEM); or late pregnancy loss (LPL). The abundance of ISGs, CL blood perfusion by Doppler-US, and concentrations of P4 on Day 21, and PAGs test on Day 25 were significant (P <0.05) predictors of early pregnancy in dairy cows and heifers. Dairy cows had a greater (P = 0.01) occurrence of LL than heifers, but there was no difference (P > 0.1) for EEM, LEM, and LPL in heifers compared to cows. Cows with postpartum reproductive issues had a greater (P = 0.008) rate of LEM and a lesser (P = 0.01) rate of LPL compared to cows without reproductive issues. In summary, the CL blood perfusion by Doppler-US had the highest accuracy and the least number of false negatives, suggesting it is the best predictor of pregnancy on Day 21 post-TAI. The PAGs test was the most reliable indicator of pregnancy status on Day 25 post- TAI in dairy heifers and cows. The application of machine learning, specifically the MARS algorithm, shows promise in enhancing the accuracy of predicting early pregnancies in cows.
Accuracy of the London Atlas, Willems, and Nolla Methods for Dental Age Estimation: a Cross-Sectional Study on Eastern Turkish Children
(Springer Heidelberg, 2021) Koc, Alaettin; ozlek, Esin; oner Talmac, Ayse Gul
Objectives This study aimed to estimate the dental age (DA) using the London Atlas, Willems, and Nolla methods and to compare their accuracies. Methods The DA was estimated using the aforementioned methods on panoramic radiograms of a total of 919 Eastern Turkish patients aged 6-14 years, of whom 459 were female and 460 were male. The overestimation and underestimation values were determined in relation to the chronological age (CA) values. The paired t test was used to compare the mean DA and CA values. Multiple regression analysis was used to derive gender-specific formulations for the three methods. Results The most accurate method for estimating the DA was the Willems method (mean prediction error 0.80), followed by the London Atlas (mean prediction error 0.83) and Nolla (mean prediction error 0.89) methods. Statistically significant differences were found only between the Willems and Nolla methods. Conclusion All three methods can be used for DA estimations of Eastern Turkish children. Clinical relevance Willems was the most suitable method for this patient sample. However, the London Atlas method may be preferred due to its practicability and comparable accuracy.
Acetaminophen Intoxication Is Associated With Decreased Serum Paraoxonase and Arylesterase Activities and Increased Lipid Hydroperoxide Levels
(Sage Publications Ltd, 2014) Karadas, S.; Aslan, M.; Gonullu, H.; Kati, C.; Duran, L.; Olmez, S.; Demir, H.
Background: Acetaminophen is at present one of the most commonly used analgesics and antipyretics. Recent evidence has suggested that oxidative stress is involved in the mechanism of acetaminophen intoxication. Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) plays an important role as an endogenous free-radical scavenging molecule. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of serum PON1 activity and oxidative stress in patients with acetaminophen intoxication. Methods: A total of 20 patients with acetaminophen intoxication and 25 healthy controls were enrolled. Serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC), lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) levels, and paraoxonase and arylesterase activities were measured spectrophotometrically. Results: The serum TAC levels and the paraoxonase and arylesterase activities were significantly lower in patients with acetaminophen intoxication compared with controls (all, p < 0.001), while the serum LOOH levels were significantly higher (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our results suggest that decreased PON1 activity seems to be associated with increased oxidative stress in patients with acetaminophen intoxication. Measuring serum PON1 activity may be useful in assessing the development of toxicity risk in acetaminophen toxicity. It would be useful to recommend vitamins with antioxidant effects such as vitamins C and E along with medical treatments.
Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Imaging for Evaluation of Renal Parenchyma Elasticity in Diabetic Nephropathy
(Amer Roentgen Ray Soc, 2015) Goya, Cemil; Kilinc, Faruk; Hamidi, Cihad; Yavuz, Alpaslan; Yildirim, Yasar; Cetincakmak, Mehmet Guli; Hattapoglu, Salih
Objective: The goal of this study is to evaluate the changes in the elasticity of the renal parenchyma in diabetic nephropathy using acoustic radiation force impulse imaging. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. The study included 281 healthy volunteers and 114 patients with diabetic nephropathy. In healthy volunteers, the kidney elasticity was assessed quantitatively by measuring the shear-wave velocity using acoustic radiation force impulse imaging based on age, body mass index, and sex. The changes in the renal elasticity were compared between the different stages of diabetic nephropathy and the healthy control group. RESULTS. In healthy volunteers, there was a statistically significant correlation between the shear-wave velocity values and age and sex. The shear-wave velocity values for the kidneys were 2.87, 3.14, 2.95, 2.68, and 2.55 m/s in patients with stage 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 diabetic nephropathy, respectively, compared with 2.35 m/s for healthy control subjects. Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging was able to distinguish between the different diabetic nephropathy stages (except for stage 5) in the kidneys. The threshold value for predicting diabetic nephropathy was 2.43 m/s (sensitivity, 84.1%; specificity, 67.3%; positive predictive value, 93.1%; negative predictive value 50.8%; accuracy, 72.1%; positive likelihood ratio, 2.5; and negative likelihood ratio, 0.23). CONCLUSION. Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging could be used for the evaluation of the renal elasticity changes that are due to secondary structural and functional changes in diabetic nephropathy.
Acquired Methemoglobinemia Due To Application of Prilocaine During Circumcision
(Elsevier Science inc, 2012) Akbayram, Sinan; Akgun, Cihangir; Dogan, Murat; Gundogdu, Mustafa; Caksen, Huseyin; Oner, Ahmet Faik
The Activities of Serum Paraoxonase and Arylesterase and Lipid Profile in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Preliminary Results
(verduci Publisher, 2015) Cebi, A.; Akgun, E.; Esen, R.; Demir, H.; Cifci, A.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the activities of serum paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and arylesterase (ARE), and the lipid profile in newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-two persons (16 of AML and 16 of healthy control) were included to the study. PON1 and ARE activities were measured as spectrophotometrically in serum samples. High density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) were analyzed in autoanalyzer. RESULTS: PON1 activities were respectively 16.04 U/L and 18.6 U/L in AML and healthy controls. There was no statistical significance between groups (p > 0.05). The mean ARE activities were respectively 0.21 U/L and 0.36 U/L in AML and healthy controls. Serum ARE activity significantly decreased in AML group (p < 0.001). Serum HDL values were significantly decreased (181.8 +/- 76.2 mg/dl; p = 0.002) in AML. There was no difference in total cholesterol, LDL and triglyceride values (respectively; 181.8 +/- 76.2 mg/dl, 120.6 +/- 64.6 mg/dl, 157.3 +/- 87.2 mg/dl; p > 0.05) between AML and controls. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first documented study about serum PON1 activity in AML patients. Although serum PON1 activities were not changed in both groups, our data suggest that the decreased serum ARE activity and HDL levels may be related the pathogenesis of AML.
Activity of Mannitol and Hypertonic Saline Therapy on the Oxidant and Antioxidant System During the Acute Term After Traumatic Brain Injury in the Rats
(Elsevier Science Bv, 2007) Yilmaz, Nebi; Dulger, Haluk; Kiymaz, Nejmi; Yilmaz, Cahide; Gudu, Burhan O.; Demir, Ismail
In this study, our objective is to investigate the effects of mannitol and 7.5% hypertonic saline (HS) therapy on the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the early stages of experimental head traumas in rats. Rats included in the study were divided into four groups: Group I Control, Group II Trauma, Group III Mannitol, and Group IV 7.5% Hypertonic Saline. Rats in Group 11 were subject to head trauma only. Mannitol was injected intraperitoneally to rats in Group III after head trauma and 7.5% HS was injected intraperitoneally to rats in Group IV after head trauma. Rats were sacrificed 4 h after administration of mannitol. or 7.5% HS, and the levels of MDA catalase and GSH-Px in brain tissues extracted from rats were determined. MDA levels in the trauma group were significantly increased compared with the control group (p<0.01), whereas there was a reduction in catalase and GSH-Px levels, although these differences were not significant. By contrast, in the mannitol group, MDA, catalase and GSH-Px levels were lower than the levels in the trauma group, and these reductions were statistically significant (p<0.05). The MDA, catalase and GSH-Px levels of the 7.5% HS group were lower than those of the trauma group; however, this reduction was not statistically significant. It was concluded that mannitol and 7.5% HS therapies that are used to reduce intracranial pressure and to increase the use of catalase, an antioxidant enzyme, and GSH-Px, are likely to reduce cellular damage by reducing the formation of MDA, the levels of which are known to be indicative of cellular level oxidant damage. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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