Cu(II)-Aminotetrazole Complex Anchored on SBA-15: A High-Performance Catalyst for the Synthesis of 1,4-Disubstituted

Abstract

This research focuses on developing and thoroughly analyzing a copper catalyst anchored to SBA-15. The catalyst was prepared via stepwise functionalization of SBA-15, involving successive treatments with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), trichlorotriazine, and 5-aminotetrazole to form SBA@bis(ATET). Coordination with Cu(OAc)<inf>2</inf> in acetonitrile yielded the final complex, SBA@bis(ATET)-Cu(II). Characterization techniques included FT-IR, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface analysis, cross-polarization/magic angle spinning 13C NMR (CP/MAS 13C NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Catalytic studies demonstrated that SBA@bis(ATET)-Cu(II) efficiently catalyzed the synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles through the reaction of acetylenes, benzyl or alkyl halides, and sodium azide, achieving excellent yields under optimized conditions. The catalyst exhibited excellent recyclability, maintaining activity over five cycles with minimal deactivation and low copper leaching (1.25%) in the first cycle, highlighting its robustness and sustainability for organic synthesis applications. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.