Microgrid Stability: a Comprehensive Review of Challenges, Trends, and Emerging Solutions

Abstract

Microgrids (MGs) are increasingly vital in modern power systems, enabling localized energy management with high penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) and distributed generation (DG). However, ensuring voltage and frequency stability in MGs remains a critical challenge due to the intermittent nature of RESs, fluctuating load demands, DG variability, and grid interaction disturbances. This comprehensive review systematically examines the causes of instability, advanced control strategies, and emerging trends in MG stability management. Key challenges, including RES intermittency, load variations, and fault-induced disruptions, are analyzed across operational modes (grid-connected and islanded), time scales (short-and long-term dynamics), and disturbance scales (small and large). The study evaluates control strategies for voltage stability such as reactive power management, generator control, load shedding, and distributed energy resource coordination and frequency stability, including classical PI/PID controllers, non-integer controllers, model-based, and model-free