Synthesis of Novel Pyrazino[1,2-A]indol Derivatives as Potent Cholinesterase Inhibitors and Their in Vitro and in Silico Evaluations

Abstract

The development of effective cholinesterase inhibitors remains a critical strategy in the search for novel therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this work, a series of novel 3-substituted pyrazino[1,2-a]indol-1(2H)-one derivatives were rationally designed, synthesized, and fully characterized through comprehensive spectral analyses. The cholinesterase inhibitory activities of the compounds were systematically evaluated, demonstrating potent inhibition against both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) at nanomolar concentrations. Notably, compound 16g emerged as the most promising candidate, exhibiting 14.28-fold and 9.7-fold greater potency against AChE compared to tacrine and donepezil, respectively, and 3.39-fold and 2.3fold higher activity against BChE. Molecular docking studies elucidated key binding interactions within the active sites of the enzymes, supporting the observed biological activities and providing mechanistic insights. Furthermore, in silico drug-likeness and pre-ADMET profiling confirmed the favorable predicted pharmacokinetic properties of compound 16g, underscoring its potential as a lead compound. These findings collectively highlight the pyrazino[1,2-a]indol-1(2H)-one core as a promising structural framework for developing next-generation cholinesterase inhibitors aimed at combating AD.