Age-Specific Analysis of Anti-Müllerian Hormone and Liver Biochemical Parameters in Freemartin Holstein Calves and Heifers: a Pilot Study

Abstract

Freemartinism is the most common congenital anomaly among sexual disorders in dairy cows. This syndrome typically occurs in different -sex twin pregnancies and causes vascular anastomoses to form with the placenta in the early stages of fetal development. The study aims to determine the effectiveness of Anti-m & uuml;llerian hormone (AMH) levels in calves and heifers of different age groups for diagnostic factors and to investigate the potential consequences of different hormone levels in different age groups on some liver biochemical parameters. The study involved 50 cattle from diverse age categories, divided into the freemartin group (FM Group, n =25) and the control group (C Group, n =25). Both FM and control groups were further divided into early -age (3-5 months), middle-aged (5-9 months), and older -aged groups (9-12 months). Serum AMH levels, along with total protein, albumin, and total cholesterol levels, were measured. While no statistically significant difference in AMH levels was observed in the early -age group (P:0.53), significant differences were determined in the middle (P:0.015) and older -age groups (P:0.01), where the FM group exhibited significantly decreased AMH levels compared to the control group. The evaluation of liver biochemistry revealed a statistically significant difference in total protein levels between the FM and control groups in the older age group (P:0.033). Consequently, it is reasonable to suggest that AMH levels may serve as a valid parameter for diagnosing freemartin syndrome in calves aged older than five months. Conversely, particularly in young calves, no significant differences in liver functionality were observed between freemartin-affected and healthy calves.