Prevention of Emergence Agitation With Ketamine in Rhinoplasty

Abstract

Background Emergence agitation (EA), defined as restlessness, disorientation, excitation, and/or inconsolable crying, is a common phenomenon during early recovery from general anesthesia. In this study, we aimed to determine the (1) EA incidence after rhinoplasty operations in adults; (2) the effects of ketamine administered at sub-anesthetic doses just 20 min before the end of the surgery in rhinoplasty operations on agitation level, postoperative pain, side effects, and complications; and (3) to determine the risk factors for EA in adults after rhinoplasty. Materials and Methods Totally 140 patients scheduled to undergo elective rhinoplasty were enrolled in this prospective study. Patients were equally and randomly divided into two groups: saline group (control group) (n = 70) and ketamine group (n = 70). Twenty minutes before surgery completion, 1 ml saline was administered via the intravenous (i.v.) route to the saline group, while 0.5 mg/kg ketamine was administered via i.v. patients in the ketamine group. The emergence agitation level of the patients was evaluated using the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale just after extubation and in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). For postoperative pain evaluation, the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) was scored (from 0 to 10) every 10 min until the patients were discharged from PACU. Results EA incidence in the control group was as high as 54.3%, while in the ketamine group it was 8.6% just after extubation (p < 0.001). In the PACU, EA incidence was 28.6% in the control group, while none of the patients had EA in the PACU in the ketamine group (p < 0.001). Male gender, severe pain (NRS >= 5), and smoking were defined as significant risk factors for EA both after extubation and during follow-ups in the PACU (p < 0.001). Conclusions Emergence agitation after rhinoplasty is a common complication, likely disturbing operative outcomes in adults. Ketamine at sub-anesthetic doses is highly effective in preventing EA. Further, larger-scale prospective studies are warranted to determine preventive measures for EA development in rhinoplasty.